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Know what’s happening across Oceania—before your coffee’s cold.
OCEANIA MARKETS
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ASX 200 and NZX 50 Data Provided By:
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*Market index data sourced from official exchange publications and financial data aggregators. ASX and NZX data reflect end-of-day figures from the Australian and New Zealand stock exchanges respectively. SPX (South Pacific Stock Exchange) figures reflect the most recent published data.
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REGIONAL NEWS
Papua New Guinea celebrates a historic breakthrough as doctors perform the nation’s first successful kidney transplant, bringing new hope to patients and transforming local healthcare. Photo Credit: NBC
Papua New Guinea Celebrates First Successful Kidney Transplant
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Papua New Guinea (PNG) has achieved a historic milestone in its healthcare sector with the successful completion of the country’s first-ever kidney transplant at Port Moresby General Hospital (PMGH) on Wednesday, May 14, 2025. This breakthrough marks a new era for patients suffering from kidney failure, offering hope and affordable treatment options within the nation’s borders.
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The pioneering surgery was led by Dr Damien Hasola, a renowned kidney surgeon from Bougainville, alongside a multidisciplinary team of local clinicians and visiting specialists from the United Kingdom. The operation was declared a success when the recipient began producing urine-a critical sign that the transplanted kidney was functioning properly. A second transplant was scheduled for the following day, further underscoring the program’s momentum.
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Transforming Access and Affordability
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Previously, patients in PNG had to travel overseas for kidney transplants, facing costs of up to K500,000 (approximately US$123,000). With the new service available at PMGH, the cost of a transplant is expected to drop to under K10,000 (about US$2,500), making life-saving treatment accessible to many more Papua New Guineans. Health Minister Elias Kapavore emphasized that this development will relieve patients and families from the financial and emotional burden of seeking care abroad.
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Currently, around 50 patients receive dialysis at PMGH three times a week, highlighting the urgent need for more sustainable solutions like transplantation. The success of these initial surgeries is anticipated to reduce dependency on dialysis and improve quality of life for many.
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Policy, Partnerships, and Preparation
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This medical achievement was made possible by the recent approval of the National Surgical, Obstetrics, and Anesthetic Policy by the National Executive Council. The policy, which took over seven years to develop, established the necessary regulatory and operational framework for complex procedures such as organ transplants. A temporary license was granted by the Medical Board, chaired by Dr Paul Sali, to the visiting UK transplant team, who worked closely with local clinicians to ensure the highest clinical standards.
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The Kidney Transplant Steering Committee at PMGH, led by Chief Surgeon Dr Okti Poki and Dr Damien Hasola, coordinated the effort, with significant support from the National Fisheries Authority and other stakeholders. The visiting UK team brought expertise from similar programs in developing nations, helping PNG lay a strong foundation for future transplant services.
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National and Regional Impact
Prime Minister James Marape hailed the transplant as a “monumental achievement,” positioning PNG as the first Pacific Island nation to successfully undertake an organ transplant. He highlighted the broader economic and social benefits, including:
- Retaining healthcare spending within the country
- Enabling patients to remain economically active
- Laying the groundwork for medical tourism and regional training in transplant surgery
- Advancing PNG’s goal of providing comprehensive heart, cancer, and kidney services by 2025
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Looking Forward
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The successful kidney transplant at PMGH symbolizes a transformative leap for PNG’s health system. It demonstrates the country’s growing capacity to deliver advanced, life-saving care and sets a precedent for further medical innovation and self-sufficiency. As Dr Hasola and his team continue their work, the hope is that many more Papua New Guineans will benefit from affordable, high-quality treatment at home.
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Rare floodwaters have transformed Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre into a stunning outback oasis, bringing to life millions of waterbirds, brine shrimp, and fish in one of Australia’s most spectacular ecological events. Photo Credit: We Are.SA
Rare Flood Transforms Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre into a Thriving Outback Oasis
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For just the fourth time in 160 years, the vast salt bed of Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre in South Australia is being transformed into a spectacular, life-filled oasis, thanks to rare and significant floodwaters flowing in from southwest Queensland and northeast South Australia. This extraordinary event is capturing the attention of ecologists, birdwatchers, and adventurers from around the world.
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A Once-in-a-Lifetime Natural Event
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Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre, Australia’s largest salt lake and the continent’s lowest point at 15 metres below sea level, is typically a shimmering expanse of white salt crust. But when floodwaters arrive, as they have in 2025, the lake comes alive. Covering around 9,500 square kilometres, the lake’s full inundation is a rare spectacle that rejuvenates not only the salt crust but also the surrounding vegetation and wildlife.
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Explosion of Life
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The arrival of water triggers an astonishing ecological transformation. Brine shrimp, dormant as eggs in the parched soil, hatch in the newly formed shallows. Millions of waterbirds-including rare and migratory species from as far as China and Japan-flock to the lake to breed and feed. Fish carried in by floodwaters spawn in the nutrient-rich waters, feeding on the abundance of shrimp.
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This explosion of life offers a dream scenario for ecologists and a feast for the senses for visitors, who can witness hundreds of bird species and a thriving aquatic ecosystem in a place that is usually bone dry.
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A Magnet for Visitors
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The best views of this outback wonder are from the air, where the scale and beauty of the flooded lake can be fully appreciated. However, visitors can also enjoy the spectacle from dedicated viewing points within Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre National Park. Camping is available at Halligan Bay Point Campground, right on the lake’s edge, with basic facilities provided. Alternative camping can be found at Muloorina Bore, north of Marree.
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Preserving a Special Place
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Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre is co-managed with the Arabana people, who have deep cultural ties to the land. A new park management plan ensures that the lake’s environmental and cultural values are protected while allowing visitors to enjoy this unique event. Strict regulations under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 restrict activities such as swimming, off-track driving, boating, and aircraft landings to help preserve the delicate ecosystem.
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District Ranger Travis Gotch emphasizes the importance of planning and preparation for those wishing to visit:
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“Know where you’re staying, drive to the conditions and make sure that you have enough food, water and resources to fully enjoy a once-in-a-lifetime trip. Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre is a special place that deserves to be seen but also to be preserved.”
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Visitors are urged to stay on marked tracks, take all litter home, and respect the cultural significance of the lake and its surrounds.
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When and How to Visit
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Water is expected to reach the northern part of the lake in early May, with varying water levels lasting up to six months. The ideal window for visiting is between May and October. Before setting out, travelers should check the latest Desert Parks Bulletin, prepare for outback conditions with a 4WD, and carry ample supplies.
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PRESENTED BY VONU STUDIOS
Oceanian Animated Videos For Kids: Pawpaw Kids TV
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Pawpaw Kids TV is a YouTube channel dedicated to engaging and educational content for children, with a specific focus on the Oceanian region. The channel features the Pawpaw Explorers—Illy the Iguana, Mo the Mongoose, and other animated characters—who embark on adventures that introduce young viewers to local wildlife, ocean currents, and cultural stories.
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Pawpaw Kids TV offers a Pacific blend of entertainment and learning, making it a valuable resource for children to explore the rich cultures and natural wonders of the Oceania region. Simply scan the QR code to visit the Pawpaw Kids TV YouTube channel or click this link:
YouTube Link: Pawpaw Kids TV
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Papua New Guinea health minister Elias Kapavore. Photo credit: PNG Voice - Facebook
Papua New Guineans Respond to Polio Outbreak: A Call for Strengthened Immunisation and Health Services
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Papua New Guinea (PNG) is confronting a renewed challenge as vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 has been detected in children in Lae and Port Moresby, triggering a national emergency response. For many Papua New Guineans, this outbreak is a stark reminder of the ongoing vulnerabilities in the country’s health system, particularly the persistent gaps in immunisation coverage and disease surveillance that leave communities at risk.
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Despite having eliminated wild poliovirus in 2000, PNG’s low vaccination rates-exacerbated by logistical challenges, remote populations, and limited healthcare access-have allowed the virus to resurface. The detection of polio in healthy children highlights the silent spread of this highly infectious disease, which primarily affects young children and can cause lifelong paralysis or death.
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Local health workers and authorities, supported by the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF, have launched an urgent immunisation campaign aimed at protecting children and preventing further transmission. Papua New Guineans are urged to participate actively in vaccination programs to safeguard their families and communities. The outbreak also underscores the urgent need to strengthen healthcare infrastructure and disease monitoring systems across the country, especially in rural and hard-to-reach areas.
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Many Papua New Guineans view this moment as a critical test of national resilience and unity. Community leaders emphasize that overcoming polio requires collective effort-not only from government and international partners but from every family committed to protecting their children’s health. The outbreak serves as a call to action to rebuild trust in vaccines and ensure that no child is left vulnerable to preventable diseases.
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While the risk of polio spreading beyond PNG’s borders is a concern for neighbouring countries, Papua New Guineans focus first on confronting the outbreak at home, determined to restore health security and prevent future crises.
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An endangered Mary River cod preys on an invasive tilapia, showcasing nature’s own way of fighting pest species and helping restore balance to Queensland’s waterways. Photo credit: Burnett Mary Regional Group
Critically Endangered Mary River Cod Found Preying on Invasive Tilapia, Offering Hope for River Ecosystemz
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A recent survey in Queensland’s Mary River has revealed promising evidence that the critically endangered Mary River cod-a native apex predator-is preying on the invasive tilapia fish, a major threat to the river’s delicate ecosystem. Conservationists from the Burnett Mary Regional Group (BMRG) discovered tilapia remains in the mouths of two large Mary River cod during routine monitoring, confirming hopes that these native fish can naturally help control the pest population.
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The Mary River cod, which once thrived throughout much of the river system but now occupies less than 30% of its former range, is known for its diverse diet. Researchers have documented cod consuming a variety of large prey, including possums and lizards, underscoring their role as top predators in freshwater habitats. The discovery that cod can consume tilapia nearly half their size-one cod measured about 80 cm while the tilapia was close to 40 cm-is a significant milestone in understanding the dynamics between native and invasive species.
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Tilapia, introduced to Queensland waterways, have spread widely and threaten native species by competing for food and habitat and preying on eggs and juveniles of endangered animals like the Mary River turtle and Australian lungfish. Eradication of tilapia is considered unfeasible due to their abundance in 26 of Queensland’s 67 catchments. Therefore, boosting populations of native predators like the Mary River cod is seen as a vital, natural strategy to help control tilapia numbers.
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Environmental scientists, including Griffith University’s Professor Mark Kennard, emphasize that while this finding is encouraging, much work remains. Despite three decades of conservation efforts such as restocking and habitat restoration, native species populations have not rebounded as hoped. Innovative approaches-like creating “cod logs” to provide habitat and exploring tilapia-based fertilisers-are part of ongoing efforts to restore balance in the river system.
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Burnett Mary Regional Group CEO Tom Espinoza expressed optimism that with continued support, the Mary River cod population could grow strong enough to sustainably manage invasive species:
“Hopefully in 10, 15, 20 years’ time we’ve got a population of large cod that can do the rest of the job themselves. It’s a real natural, sustainable solution.”
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This discovery renews hope for the long-term health of the Mary River ecosystem, highlighting the importance of protecting and enhancing native species to combat invasive threats and preserve biodiversity in one of Australia’s unique freshwater environments.
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Comic artist Michel Mulipola aka Bloody Samoan Photo credit: RNZ
Pacific Leaders and Influencers Voice Mixed Reactions to Proposed Social Media Ban for Under-16s
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As New Zealand’s government considers a bold proposal to ban social media access for children under 16, Pasifika leaders and online influencers are voicing a wide range of opinions-reflecting the complexity of balancing online safety, community connection, and parental responsibility.
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Prime Minister Christopher Luxon announced that Cabinet is debating a social media ban for under-16s, citing growing concerns from parents, teachers, and principals about the harm social media can cause young people. The government argues that such a ban could help protect children from bullying, harmful content, and digital addiction.
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Labour’s Pacific Peoples spokesperson Carmel Sepuloni, herself a mother, acknowledged the government’s willingness to address online safety. She noted that while many Pacific communities have built supportive online spaces, the risks of exposure to harmful content and cyberbullying are real and troubling for parents.
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Sepuloni emphasized that any policy must consider the unique ways Pasifika communities use social media to connect, share culture, and support one another. She called for more consultation to ensure the policy would actually benefit families and not inadvertently isolate youth from positive online experiences.
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Pacific social media influencers have been more critical of the proposed ban. Regan Foai, a broadcaster and parent, questioned whether government resources might be better spent addressing more urgent issues facing families. He argued that it is primarily a parent’s responsibility to guide children through the digital world, warning that government overreach could set a precedent for further restrictions on family life.
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Hana Matauaina Vaai Schmidt, a podcaster and mother, recognized the good intentions behind the proposal but pointed out that similar bans have failed overseas, as tech-savvy youth often find ways around restrictions. She stressed the need for deeper consultation and investment in solutions that genuinely protect and empower communities.
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Comic artist Michael Mulipola, known as ‘Bloody Samoan,’ likened the ban to “plugging a leak with a piece of sellotape”-a short-term fix that overlooks the reality of digital life for today’s youth. He advocated for education over prohibition, arguing that teaching young people how to navigate online risks is more effective than outright bans.
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Green Party MP Teanau Tuiono added that social media harms are not limited to youth, with misinformation and disinformation affecting all age groups, especially seniors. He called for greater accountability from social media companies themselves, arguing that platforms must take responsibility for the harms their algorithms and content can cause.
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Tuiono and others believe the solution lies in a broader, harm-reduction approach that includes education, digital literacy, and platform accountability-not just restrictions on young people.
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OCEANIAN MAKING WAVES
Michelle Rowland MP, proudly of Fijian heritage, makes history as Australia’s first woman of Pacific descent appointed Attorney-General, bringing a strong Pacific voice to the nation’s highest legal office. Photo Credit: Facebook
Michelle Rowland: Australia’s First Pacific Woman Attorney-General and a Proud Daughter of Fiji
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On May 13, 2025, the Honorable Michelle Rowland MP was sworn in as Australia’s new Attorney-General, making history as the first woman of Pacific Island heritage to hold the nation’s highest legal office. Born and raised in Western Sydney, Michelle’s appointment not only marks a personal achievement but also symbolizes the growing influence and representation of Pasifika communities in Australian politics and justice.
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A Heritage Rooted in Fiji and Australia
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Michelle Rowland’s story is deeply connected to both Fiji and Australia. Her mother, a proud Fijian, and her Australian father met in Suva in 1952, blending cultures and values that shaped Michelle’s upbringing. She has often spoken with pride about her Fijian heritage, noting that her family ties extend back to Fiji, where she still has relatives.
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Growing up in Western Sydney, Michelle was instilled with strong Pasifika values of community, fairness, and resilience-principles that have guided her throughout her career.
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Before entering federal politics, Michelle was a senior lawyer specialising in telecommunications, media, and competition law. She worked for ten years at the prestigious law firm Gilbert + Tobin and served as Deputy Mayor of Blacktown City Council. Her leadership roles have also included Chair of Screen NSW and Director of the Western Sydney Area Health Service.
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Elected to the Australian Parliament in 2010 as the Member for Greenway, Michelle quickly rose through the ranks. She served in various shadow ministries, including Communications, Citizenship, Multiculturalism, and Small Business. In 2022, she was appointed Minister for Communications before her historic promotion to Attorney-General in 2025.
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Championing Justice, Integrity, and Inclusion
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As Attorney-General, Michelle Rowland has vowed to uphold the rule of law, strengthen integrity, and maintain public trust in Australia’s legal system. She emphasizes the importance of equality of opportunity for all Australians, regardless of background.
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In her first public statements as Attorney-General, Michelle highlighted the critical role of the justice system in safeguarding democracy, especially at a time when trust in institutions is being challenged globally.
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A Beacon for Pasifika Communities
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Michelle’s appointment resonates strongly across Pasifika communities in Australia and the Pacific region. The Pacific Islands Council South Australia praised her achievement as a source of inspiration, highlighting how her leadership “lights the way for Pasifika communities everywhere” and strengthens ties across the Blue Pacific.
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Her success is a testament to the power of determination, community values, and the opportunities available in Australia for people of diverse backgrounds.
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Recognition from the Legal Community
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Michelle’s appointment has been warmly welcomed by legal professionals. Jennifer Ball, President of the Law Society of New South Wales, congratulated her on behalf of solicitors, expressing eagerness to work with her to advance the rule of law and reinforce confidence in the justice system. Justice Mordy Bromberg of the Australian Law Reform Commission also extended congratulations, looking forward to collaborating on law reform initiatives.
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SPORTS
Oceania Rugby U20s Challenge and Women’s Championship
Young Pacific and international rugby stars gear up for the 2025 Oceania Rugby U20s Challenge in Nadi and the Women’s Championship in Sigatoka, as Fiji hosts these key tournaments showcasing emerging talent and strengthening the region’s rugby future. Photo Credit: Oceania Rugby
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Fiji will play host to two of Oceania Rugby’s premier tournaments, the U20s Challenge and the Women’s Championship, underscoring the Pacific region’s growing prominence in international rugby development.
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Oceania Rugby U20s Challenge
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The 2025 Oceania Rugby U20s Challenge will take place at King Charles Park in Nadi from May 28 to June 7. The tournament features four teams: Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, and for the first time, Canada, marking an exciting expansion of the competition. The inclusion of Canada provides a valuable opportunity for Pacific and North American young talent to compete at a high level and gain international experience.
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The tournament schedule includes three rounds of matches:
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Fiji, the defending champions after winning the inaugural tournament in 2024 with a 31-17 victory over Samoa in Auckland, are favorites once again. Their U20 side has been praised for its speed, skill, and physicality, as demonstrated in last year’s clean sweep of wins. Samoa and Tonga remain formidable challengers, with all teams eager to secure qualification for the World Rugby U20 Trophy in Scotland later this year.
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Canadian Rugby’s High Performance Director Stephen Aboud highlighted the importance of this tournament for player development, emphasizing the chance for Canadian players to test themselves against some of the world’s best young Pacific talent.
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Oceania Rugby Women’s Championship
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Following the U20s Challenge, the Oceania Rugby Women’s Championship will be held at Lawaqa Park in Sigatoka from June 6 to 14. The tournament features Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga battling for regional supremacy ahead of the 2025 Women’s Rugby World Cup.
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Fiji’s Fijiana XV, the reigning champions, will play on home soil for the first time since 2019, aiming to build momentum ahead of the global tournament. The women’s championship promises a rugby festival atmosphere, showcasing the increasing strength and visibility of women’s rugby in the Pacific.
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Fiji Rugby Union’s Women’s High Performance Manager Alana Thomas emphasized the significance of hosting consecutive U20 and Women’s tournaments, noting how it elevates women’s rugby and creates clear pathways for young female athletes aspiring to professional careers.
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SPOTLIGHT
Representative Marissa Flores (top left) had urged for “thoughtful deliberation” on the internet gaming and stablecoin bill. Photo credit: YouTube
CNMI Makes History as First U.S. Jurisdiction to Adopt Government-Backed Cryptocurrency for Internet Gaming
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In a groundbreaking move to diversify and strengthen its economy, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) has become the first U.S. jurisdiction to officially adopt a government-backed cryptocurrency for regulated internet gaming. On May 15, 2025, the CNMI House of Representatives voted 14-2 to override Governor Arnold I. Palacios’ veto of Senate Local Bill 24-01, clearing the way for the launch of the “Tinian Stable Token” on the island of Tinian.
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The Tinian Stable Token: A New Economic Frontier
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The Tinian Stable Token (MUSD) is a stablecoin pegged 1:1 to the U.S. dollar and backed by government bonds, designed to be used exclusively for regulated internet gaming transactions. Managed by the CNMI Treasury and recorded on a tamper-proof blockchain, this digital currency aims to bring transparency, accountability, and modern financial infrastructure to the Commonwealth’s gaming industry.
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Vin Armani, Chief Technology Officer of Marianas Rai Corp. and a vocal supporter of the bill, described the initiative as a historic opportunity to attract billions in investment from the booming financial technology sector. “The world is watching,” Armani said, emphasizing that the stablecoin could unlock tax revenues, create jobs, and spur infrastructure development without relying on tourism or environmentally damaging construction.
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Economic Diversification Amid Challenges
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CNMI has faced repeated economic shocks due to the decline in tourism and reductions in federal programs. Senator Jude U. Hofschneider, co-sponsor of the bill, highlighted the need for economic diversification. “This initiative can help not only Tinian but the entire CNMI in our efforts toward economic recovery,” he said, noting that the Tinian Casino Gaming Control Commission would oversee licensing and compliance to ensure strict regulation.
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Despite initial concerns from Governor Palacios and the Office of the Attorney General regarding oversight, financial transparency, and constitutional authority, lawmakers argued the bill simply provides a legal framework without authorizing uncontrolled crypto trading or government spending. The override vote in both the Senate and House demonstrated strong legislative support for embracing digital innovation.
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Balancing Optimism and Caution
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While many lawmakers expressed enthusiasm about the potential for a digital economy, some urged caution. House Floor Leader Marissa Flores, who voted against the override, called for patience and thoughtful deliberation to ensure long-term security and prosperity. She stressed the importance of open communication and strict enforcement to prevent illicit activities associated with internet gaming.
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Rep. Vincent S. Aldan reminded colleagues of past casino ventures like the Tinian Dynasty and Imperial Pacific International (IPI) that ended in failure and controversy, urging vigilance against corruption and favoritism.
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A Legal Framework for the Future
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Senate Local Bill 24-01 authorizes internet gaming on a regulated platform and enables casinos to accept stablecoin payments. Every transaction will be recorded on a blockchain ledger, ensuring transparency and public auditing. The bill represents a pioneering step for a U.S. territory to create its own digital currency system for regulated economic use.
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With this framework, Tinian hopes to become a global hub for blockchain-based gaming, tapping into a sector worth billions annually. Proponents believe this move empowers the CNMI to chart its own economic future, reducing reliance on external aid and volatile tourism markets.
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Alongside the cryptocurrency bill override, the House passed several other significant measures on May 15, including:
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House Bill 24-1 (HS1): Strengthening laws against sexual offenses and child exploitation.
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House Bill 24-15 (HD1): Establishing a labor management relations act to expand public sector worker representation.
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House Bill 24-14: Creating the Office of Financial Integrity and Compliance (OFIC) to improve government financial oversight.
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Senate Joint Resolution 24-01 (HD1): Supporting exemption from U.S.-China air travel restrictions to restore direct flights from China.
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REGIONAL EVENTS
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🫚 Pacific Week of Agriculture and Forestry (PWAF) 2025
Taking place on the 26th to 30th May 2025 in Nuku'alofa, Tonga, the
Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forests of Tonga will host the Pacific Week of Agriculture and Forestry (PWAF) 2025
, a flagship regional event focused on advancing sustainable agriculture and forestry across the Pacific Islands.
PWAF 2025 aims to promote transformative, productive, regenerative, and resilient practices through knowledge sharing, innovation, and collaboration among Pacific nations. The event will feature expert discussions, workshops, and initiatives designed to support food security, environmental sustainability, and economic growth in the region. For more information, visit:
PWAF 2025.
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SIDE EVENTS:
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🌍 Promoting Safe Provision of Food and Other Humanitarian Aid in a Region Prone to Natural Disasters and Climate Extremes.
Register
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🍐 Monitoring land degradation and deforestation: earth observations supporting countries with reporting for the UNCCD through the GEO-LDN initiative.
Register
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🔬 Regenerating Pacific Agriculture and Forestry: The Role of Gene-banks in Enhancing Crop and Tree Agro-Biodiversity.
Register
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QUICK TAKES
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A chief from Ra, Tu Navitilevu Ratu Emori Bolobolo , has called on the Fijian government to halt the registration and deployment of the high-speed ferry Captain Inoke, expressing concerns about its safety, age, and structural integrity. He warned against repeating mistakes made in other countries with similar vessels and urged authorities not to rush the approval process. In response, Goundar Shipping Ltd founder George Goundar denied any safety issues, insisting the vessel is suitable and professionally selected, and stated that the necessary licenses have been obtained for its operation. The debate highlights community concerns over maritime safety as the ferry awaits final approval to begin service between Levuka, Natovi, Nabouwalu, and Ellington.
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Marshall Islands President Hilda Heine , has expressed deep concern over the increasing migration of Marshallese citizens to the United States, citing it as a sign of underlying issues such as limited job opportunities, inadequate healthcare, and the impacts of climate change at home. She emphasized the need for stronger efforts to improve living conditions and create opportunities in the Marshall Islands to encourage citizens to stay and contribute to the nation’s future.
- A new report by the United Nations Development Program and United Nations Capital Development Fund has found that Papua New Guinea has one of the lowest digital financial literacy rates in the Pacific, scoring 21 out of 52 compared to Fiji’s 26. Limited use of digital financial services, disparities based on gender, age, and region, and gaps in access to devices contribute to PNG’s position. The report highlights the need to expand financial literacy programs and improve access to smartphones and affordable data to boost financial inclusion, especially for remote communities.
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